A wider and deeper cup are often best suited for a fuller, more expansive sound, while shallow-cupped "pea-shooter" mouthpieces can facilitate execution in the extreme high register. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the timbre or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the backbore or shank) which tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The mouthpiece has a circular rim which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. The sound is projected outward by the bell. Used alone and in combination these valves make the instrument fully chromatic, i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of Western music. When a fourth valve is present, as with some piccolo trumpets, it lowers the pitch a perfect fourth (5 semitones). The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (2 semitones), the second valve by a half step (1 semitone), and the third valve by one-and-a-half steps (3 semitones). There are three piston valves, each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The player can select the pitch from a range of overtones or harmonics by changing the lip aperture. Sound is produced by blowing air through closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the mouthpiece and starting a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. Careful design of these tapers is critical to the intonation of the instrument.
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Although the bore is roughly cylindrical, it is more precisely a complex series of tapers, smaller at the mouthpiece receiver and larger just before the flare of the bell begins.
The trumpet is made of brass tubing bent into a rough spiral.
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